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assortative mating
Assortative mating is a mating pattern and a form of sexual selection in which individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under a random mating pattern. Examples of similar phenotypes include, but are not limited to, body size, skin coloration/ pigmentation, and age. Assortative mating, also referred to as positive assortative mating or homogamy, may increase genetic relatedness within the family. Assortative mating can be contrasted with disassortative mating (also known as negative assortative mating or heterogamy) in which individuals with dissimilar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under random mating. Disassortative mating reduces the genetic similarities within the family. Positive assortative mating occurs more frequently than negative assortative mating. In both cases, due to the nonrandom mating pattern, there is a deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg Principle.
== Causes ==
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of assortative mating.〔Yuexin Jiang, Daniel I. Bolnick, and Mark Kirkpatrick (2013). ("Assortative mating in animals" ), ''(American Naturalist )'', 181 (6) , pp. E125-E138.〕 Assortative mating has evolved from a combination of different factors, which vary across different species.
Assortative mating with respect to body size can arise as a consequence of intrasexual competition. In some species, size is correlated with fecundity in females. Therefore, males choose to mate with larger females, with the larger males defeating the smaller males in courting the larger of females. Examples of species that display this type of assortative mating include the Jumping spider ''Phidippus clarus'' and the leaf beetle ''Diaprepes abbreviatus''.〔Chad D. Hoefler (2007). ("Male mate choice and size assortative pairing in a jumping spider, Phidippus clarus" ), ''(Behaviour )'', 73 (6), 943-954〕〔Ally R. Haran, Alfred M. Handler, Peter J. Landolt (1999). ("Size-assortative mating, male choice and female choice in the curculionid beetle Diaprepes abbreviatus" ), ''(Behaviour )'', 58 (6), 1191-1200〕 In other cases, larger females are better equipped to resist male courtship attempts, and only the largest males are able to mate with them.
Assortative mating can, at times, arise as a consequence of social competition. Traits in certain individuals may indicate competitive ability which allows them to occupy the best territories. Individuals with similar traits that occupy similar territories are more likely to mate with one another. In this scenario, assortative mating does not necessarily arise from choice, but rather by proximity. This was noted in western bluebirds although there is no definite evidence that this is the major factor resulting in color dependent assortative mating in this species.〔Anne C. Jacobs, Jeanne M. Fair, Marlene Zuk (2014). ("Coloration, Paternity and Assortative Mating in Western Bluebirds" ), ''(Journal of Behavioral Biology )'', 121, 176-186.〕 Different factors may apply simultaneously to result in assortative mating in any given species.
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